Safe Harbor Publishing Travel Newsline

I was a naive 21-year-old Peace Corps Volunteer posted to the Chuuk Island district of Micronesia. The villagers had prepared an elaborate welcoming meal and mostly recognizable food was ladled onto ti leaves. Bananas, fried reef fish, steamed rice, Spam ? so far, so good. Bland, off-white breadfruit and taro were new to me, but those looked OK, too. I was, however, curious about the barbequed meat. ?It?s dog,? said one of the veteran volunteers. ?And you have to have some or they?ll be insulted.?
- Linda Hagen Miller

As you make your way around the world, you too will find yourself in cultural situations that your mother, Emily Post and common sense haven?t prepared you for. Food, gestures, language, greetings, gifts, names and more can put you in a quandary. Safe Passage can help you navigate the do?s and don?ts of international travel with our country-by-country guide. Cultural taboos can vary within regions, even from town to town, and we present these basic tips to help you along.

AMERICAS
EUROPE
EAST ASIA & PACIFIC
MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA
SOUTH/CENTRAL ASIA
SUB SAHARA AFRICA

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????

CANADA

Canadians are not ?just like Americans? and they don?t appreciate being categorized that way.
Hand shaking is common when Canadians meet.
Be on time for meetings.
Be aware that French is the commonly spoken language in Eastern Canada.
It is appropriate to take flowers to your hostess if you?re invited to a private home. Avoid lilies, which are associated with funerals.
(back to top)

MEXICO

Try to speak Spanish; even your rudimentary high school abilities will be appreciated.
Handshakes are customary, and men and women who are close acquaintances often hug each other. Women frequently greet each other with a kiss on the cheek.
If you are invited to someone?s home, a gift isn?t expected but is appreciated. Be careful with flowers though ? for some Mexicans, red flowers can cast spells (white ones lift them), yellow means death.
Thank you notes are not expected, but just as in America, they are appreciated and show you have class.
Afternoon siestas are common and last an hour or two, so schedule meetings around siesta time.
Mexican men, especially in resort towns, can be quite aggressive toward women. It is not rude to ignore them and keep moving. Women should avoid walking alone.
If you decide to buy souvenirs from beach vendors, prepare to haggle. Ask the price, offer about two-thirds, dicker over a few pesos, but do not insult them or their products.
If you indicate height using your hand, limit the gesture to your index finger, not your whole palm.

THE CARIBBEAN ? In General

Since there are many different cultures, races, and languages in the Caribbean, customs can vary from island to island, and what works on one Caribbean island won?t necessarily work on another.
English is commonly spoken but Spanish, Dutch, French and many dialects are widely used.
Generally, people shake hands when greeting and saying goodbye.
Business travelers should have a supply of their usual business cards and, if possible, a supply in the host nation?s language.
Punctuality is not a high priority but appointments are appreciated.
Casual dress is appropriate in almost all cases, however, leave the shorts and flip flops for the beach.
It?s not a good idea to discuss local politics or religion.
(back to top)

HAITI

The official language is French.
A bugle is played and a flag raised at 8 AM and lowered at 6 PM. If you hear it, stop the car or stop walking and stand respectfully.
Take a modest gift for your hostess or business associate on your second visit. Nothing is expected at your first gathering.
Do not discuss politics. Haitian native art is a safe subject.
(back to top)

PUERTO RICO

Spanish is the official language but English is widely spoken.
Be prepared to stand close to people when talking. Don?t move away, it?s considered insulting.
Shaking hands is customary on meeting. Close friends embrace and women often kiss each other on the cheek.
Gifts are given frequently and are unwrapped when received.
It is considered polite to decline a gift a couple of times before accepting it.
It is common for dinner table conversation to go on long after the meal has finished.
Statehood with the United States is still a divisive issue and one best avoided.
(back to top)

CENTRAL and SOUTH AMERICA ? In General
Diverse cultures are the rule in Central and America and customs vary from country to country. A few general rules:

Latin Americans stand close together during conversation. Let your host set the distance.
Tipping varies from country to country.
It is customary to shake hands on meeting and leaving.
Business travelers should have their cards printed in English and the local language.
Being on time usually means being 30 minutes later than the appointed meeting time.
The main meal of the day takes place at noon.
Most Latin Americans dress more formally than Americans.
Safe conversation topics include local folklore, customs, and natural surroundings.
(back to top)

COSTA RICA

Shaking hands is common for men; women who are friends or relatives kiss each other once on the cheek.
Dropping by someone's home unexpectedly is generally considered rude.
Gift giving is common on all sorts of occasions.
(back to top)

EL SALVADOR

Shaking hands is common but some people nod when meeting.
Use a person?s title if appropriate; only close acquaintances use first names or the surname alone.
Show particular respect to the elderly.
If you dine in a Salvadoran home, be sure to compliment the hostess.
Small gifts are customary; avoid expensive and/or elaborate items.
If a Salvadoran puts his arm around you, consider it a gesture of friendship.
(back to top)

GUATEMALA

Shake hands and say something in Spanish when you meet someone. Men shake hands, close friends embrace, and women give each other a hug and kiss on the cheek.
Take small gifts like flowers or candy if you are invited to a Guatemalan home for dinner.
It?s best to avoid criticizing the Guatemalan government.
(back to top)

HONDURAS

Gender roles are well defined in Honduras.
A hearty hug is a common greeting among good friends; acquaintances shake hands. Women often kiss each other on the cheek.
Use a Honduran?s official title and last name at first meeting.
Dinner invitations are common; a gift is not necessary but a respectful thank you is.
(back to top)

NICARAGUA

Gender roles are well defined in Nicaragua.
Shake hands and say something in Spanish when you greet a Nicaraguan. Men shake hands, close friends embrace, and women give each other a hug and kiss.
Small gifts like flowers or candy are appropriate to take when you?re invited to dinner.
It is considered appropriate to compliment a Nicaraguan on their personality but not on their possessions.
(back to top)

PANAMA

Gender roles are well defined in Panama.
Americans who mingle with Panamanians are considered welcoming and approachable.
Business associates shake hands; friends nod and embrace when they meet.
Punctuality is not important and appointment times are very flexible.
If you visit the interior of Panama, take food or seedlings as gifts.
If invited to dinner in a private home, expect to reciprocate with dinner at a restaurant or in your home if you are living in Panama.
Don?t talk politics or discuss the former Canal Zone.
(back to top)

ARGENTINA

Shake hands when meeting someone for the first time. When men greet after a long absence, they often hug each other. Women shake hands with both hands and kiss each other on the cheek.
Make an appointment for a business meeting.
Flowers or candy are appropriate gifts when invited to an Argentine home; personal items are not.
Do not sit down at the dinner table until your host has been seated.
Argentines appreciate compliments about their children, the meal or their home.
Do not discuss business if women are present at the dinner table.
Talking about sports and the country?s parks and gardens is safe.

BOLIVIA

Handshakes are common.
Your attempts to speak Spanish are appreciated.
Be punctual; even though others may be late.
At meals, take small portions because you?ll be expected to eat everything on your plate.
Bring flowers or small gifts to the hostess.

BRAZIL

The official language is Portuguese.
Brazilians often embrace when meeting although shaking hands is common.
When women meet they perform air kisses: placing their cheeks together and kissing the air.
Lead into business discussions gradually.
Send flowers and a thank you note to the hostess the day after attending a dinner party. Avoid purple flowers though, the sign of death.
Brazilians appreciate your attention to their children.
Don?t talk politics or religion.

CHILE

Handshakes and a kiss on the right cheek are customary greetings.
Appointments are necessary.
Chilean businessmen respect punctuality; meetings should start and end on time.
When visiting a home, wait outside the door until invited in.
Flowers are an appropriate hostess gift.
Light conversation usually precedes business discussions.

COLOMBIA

Relax your first day to get used to the altitude.
Colombian businessmen like lengthy deliberations.
Handshakes are common. Women do not usually shake hands with each other; they clasp forearm.
Use title and last name when addressing a Colombian.
It is impolite to yawn in public.
Strict punctuality is not necessary.
If you?re invited to a Colombian home, send fruit, flowers or chocolates beforehand if possible. If not, send after your engagement along with a thank you note.
Avoid personal gifts unless you know the recipient well.
Positive discussions of sports (particularly soccer), art, Colombian coffee, and bullfighting are all safe conversation subjects. Politics is not.

ECUADOR

The high altitude is wearing so plan a restful first day.
Men shake hands when meeting for the first time. Women who are close friends kiss each other and men embrace.
Profuse compliments are expected after a meal in a private home and whenever gifts are received.
Avoid political disucussions.

PARAGUAY

Greetings are very enthusiastic. Men often embrace; women kiss each other on both cheeks.
People stand very close when talking and friends may walk arm-in-arm.
Do not use first names until invited to do so.
Be on time. It?s OK for your host to be late, but not you.
When invited to a private home, be prepared to greet your host, deliver a short, formal speech and then ask for permission to enter.
Good conversation topics are family, sports, non-political current events and the weather.

PERU

Peruvians are conservative, formal and proud of their Incan and Spanish colonial heritage.
Men and women shake hands when meeting and parting. Men often hug close friends; women kiss each other on the cheek.
A pat on the back is a polite way to greet a young person.
Clean your plate at dinner.
Avoid discussions on local politics.

URUGUAY

Shake hands when greeting.
First names are used only between close friends.
Meetings are structured and formal but rarely start on time.
Most entertaining is done in restaurants. If you?re invited to a Uruguayan?s home, send flowers or chocolates before arriving.
Sports are a popular topic ? especially soccer.

VENEZUELA

Shaking hands is common.
Men greet each other with a hug; women greet each other with an embrace and a kiss on the cheek.
People stand very close together when talking.
Be punctual for a business appointment and get directly to the point.
Don?t set at the head of the table, which is reserved for the heads of the household.
Venezuelans usually invite only close friends to their homes. If you receive an invite, send flowers ahead of time.
An appropriate gift for a man is something for the office; an orchid (the national flower) is an excellent gift for a women.

EUROPE ? In General
Customs and courtesies in Eastern and Western Europe vary widely, and generalities are dangerous. You can, however, rest assured that Europeans are more formal than Americans and you are always safe to err on the side of conservatism. Chewing gum, propping your legs on the furniture, slapping people on the back, even talking with your hands in your pockets are generally considered rude. Shake hands gently rather than vigorously, and business travelers should have a hefty supply of business cards.

Beware of pick-pocketers in markets, busy urban areas and public transportation vehicles.
Do not leave luggage or other valuables unattended.
Traffic patrol/police cars should be clearly marked.
Use currency exchange bureaus that are located in banks.

AUSTRIA

Arrange business meetings in advance and arrive on time.
Give flowers or chocolates if you?re invited to a home. Give an uneven number of flowers (an even number is considered bad luck); avoid red roses (romance) and red carnations (reserved for May Day).
Austrians do not appreciate being confused with Germans. Each country has distinct customs.
Avoid discussing money, religion or politics unless specifically invited to do so.

BELGIUM

Men frequently embrace in greeting.
Shake hands with everyone at a social or business gathering, both when greeting and when saying goodbye.
Cheek kissing is done three times, alternating cheeks.
Privacy is highly valued.
Punctuality is very important.
Chrysanthemums are a reminder of death, so avoid them.
Generally you should avoid talking about politics, religion and language differences (French-Flemish).

BOSNIA, HERZEGOVINA, CROATIA, MACEDONIA, SLOVENIA, SERBIA, MONTENEGRO (former Yugoslavia)

Appointments are necessary and you should be on time.
Toasting is often part of informal lunches and dinners.
If invited to a private home, take an odd number of flowers (except 13), wine, chocolates, whiskey or coffee beans.
Guests are often offered a snack and a drink (usually tea or coffee) or liquor.
Safe conversation topics are U.S. lifestyles, sports, family and fashion.
Unsafe conversation topics are religion and political issues.

BULGARIA

Handshakes are the common greeting.
Make business appointments in advance and be punctual.
Take flowers, wine or candy if you?re invited to a private home.
A nod means ?no? and a shake of the head from side to side means ?yes.?
Avoid discussing social conditions and politics.

THE CZECH REPUBLIC and SLOVAK REPUBLIC

Always use titles (doctor, professor, etc) when greeting a professional.
Men shake hands. A man should wait for a woman to offer her hand first.
Take flowers to a home (an odd number) but avoid red roses, which imply romance.
It?s safe to talk about sports but politics, religion and social conditions should be avoided.

DENMARK

Both men and women shake hands.
Do not expect to conduct heavy business during July and August.
Punctuality is highly valued.
Do not tip taxi drivers or waiters.
Toasting with a skoal is common.
If you are the guest of honor at a dinner, be prepared to raise a glass after the meal and offer an elaborate thanks to the hostess.
Aquavit, the potent national drink, will be offered. Sip slowly.
Flowers are an appropriate hostess gift.
Black-tie dinners are more common in Denmark than other European countries.
Belgians and Dutch tell jokes about each other, but you should probably stay away from that practice.

ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, WALES

Honorary titles are used even among familiar acquaintances. Try to find out how to address your associates beforehand.
Instead of using the word ?English,? use ?British? and you?ll make points.
Appointments are necessary. You may be ten minutes late, but not ten minutes early.
Don?t talk shop over drinks or dinner.
If you receive an invitation reading ?black tie,? plan to dress accordingly.
Most business entertaining is done in pubs and restaurants.
If you are invited to dinner at a British home, take flowers or chocolate. Avoid white lilies, however, which suggest death.
Entertainment in the form of lunch, dinner, drinks or a night at the theater or ballet often takes the place of gift giving.
Striped ties might duplicate British regimentals, so avoid them.
If you make the V for victory sign, be sure your palm is facing outward, toward your audience.
Beckoning someone with your arms is considered rude in Wales.
Scotch is what you drink. The people are Scots or Scotsmen.
The language, tartans and terriers are Scottish.

FINLAND

Finns greet each other with a firm handshake. Close friends and family hug.
Avoid scheduling business trips during June and July.
Make appointments well in advance and be on time.
Tipping is rare. Service charges are usually added to restaurant and hotel bills.
Take flowers for the hostess if you?re invited to dinner.
Great quantities and many varieties of alcohol are usually consumed at dinner, so sip your way through.
Drunk driving laws are strictly enforced.
A toast generally precedes the meal.
You may be invited to take a sauna with your host. Mixed gender saunas are not common.
Finns enjoy discussing politics and you will probably hear a variety of views. Good conversation topics are hobbies, sports and travel.

FRANCE

Handshakes are the usual form of greeting.
Do not offer your hand to a person of higher authority.
Make appointments in advance and be on time.
Invitations to private homes are rare. If, however, you are invited to a residence, take flowers (not chrysanthemums or roses) or chocolates for the hostess. Business should avoid gifts with their company logo.
Noon and evening meals are important.
French businessmen are somewhat formal and conservative.
Don?t speak French unless you are very good at it.
Do not talk about politics, money or ask personal questions.

GERMANY

Shake hands when meeting and leaving.
Use titles (doctor, professor) and do not call a German by a first name until invited.
The formal Sie (You) is used among strangers. Do not use the more intimate/informal du (you) with the first name until invited to do so. Young people generally use du.
Make appointments well in advance. It is very important to be on time.
Invitations to a German home are considered quite special and guests should bring flowers, which they will unwrap in the entrance hall and present to the hostess. Avoid red roses (romantic implications), the number 13 or an even number of flowers.
Send a thank you note within a few days.
Good things to talk about are the German countryside, hobbies and sports. Avoid talking about baseball, basketball or American football.

GREECE

Greeks may enthusiastically shake hands, embrace and/or kiss one another.
The elderly have much authority and are greatly respected. They should be addressed courteously by their titles.
Prior appointments are not usually necessary but you should phone ahead.
Punctuality is not vital.
Greeks are hospitable and generous. Be careful not to praise a specific object or the host may feel obligated to give it to you.
Flowers or a cake are good hostess gifts.
The main meal of the day is lunch, which is served between noon and 2 p.m.
A slight upward nod of the head means ?no,? not ?yes,? and tilting the head to either side means ?yes.?
Cyprus and international politics that affect Greece are not good conversation topics.

HUNGARY

A handshake is the customary greeting. Men should wait for women to extend their hand first.
Appropriate hostess gifts are Western liquor or wrapped flowers (avoid roses).
Safe conversation topics include food, wine, and what you like about Hungary. Avoid politics and religion.

ICELAND

Use an Icelanders last name until invited to use their first name.
Tipping is considered an insult. Service charges are included in restaurant bills.
Business appointments are not usually necessary and you may drop in unannounced. Punctuality is not a must.
A small gift for the host or hostess is common if you?re invited to a meal.

IRELAND

If you use the phone in an Irish business or home, you should offer to pay for the call.
Make business appointments in advance but don?t be surprised if you have to wait.
If you?re invited to an Irish home, take flowers or chocolates. If you are invited to dinner, a bottle of wine or cheese is appropriate. Business gifts are not usually given.
Avoid discussing religion or politics.

ITALY

Gestures and handshakes are enthusiastically exchanged.
University graduates have a title and you should use it.
Tip room maids, porters and parking attendants. Leave a small tip for waiters even if the bill includes a service charge.
Make business appointments well in advance.
Punctuality is not critical, especially for social events.
Lunch is the main meal of the day and can last two or three hours.

LUXEMBOURG

▪ Handshakes are common among men and women. People who know each other well kiss cheeks twice, alternating cheeks.
▪ Prior appointments are necessary and you should be on time.
▪ Take flowers or have them delivered by the florist if you?re invited to a private home. Avoid chrysanthemums. Local brands of chocolates are also appreciated.
▪ The national language is Luxembourgish and you will make points if you use a few words. French and German are widely spoken and understood, English to a slightly lesser degree.
▪ Be aware that the people of Luxembourg appreciate being recognized for their own character and achievements.

THE NETHERLANDS

Shake hands with everyone present, even children.
Titles are used in formal correspondence but in other situations you can be less formal.
Do not tip taxi drivers.
Make prior appointments and be on time.
Flowers and chocolates are customary gifts, however, novel gifts (other than food) are appreciated. Gifts should be wrapped.
A toast is given before and after the first sip.
Safe conversation topics include Dutch artwork, furniture, carpeting and other home furnishings, politics, travel and sports. Avoid discussing American politics, money and prices.

NORWAY

Do not use first names until invited to do so.
Be punctual.
Avoid business trips during the ten days after Palm Sunday, in July and early August.
Flowers and chocolates are good hostess gifts.
Drunk driving laws are strict and it?s common for one person to be the designated driver. That person abstains from alcohol.
Avoid discussing personal topics such as employment, salary, and social status. Instead talk about hobbies, politics, sports and travel.

POLAND

Close friends use first names only.
Prior appointments are necessary.
Take flowers (an odd number) for the hostess for a brief visit or for dinner. They do not need to be wrapped. Avoid red roses.
Toasting is part of formal and informal dinners.
Cognac and hard liquor may be present at business and other meetings.
Good conversational topics are Poland?s cultural history, life in the United States, your family and its activities.

PORTUGAL

Men greet each other with an enthusiastic embrace that includes backslapping. Women who are close friends kiss on both cheeks.
Prior appointments are necessary. Punctuality is not usually stressed in Portugal but visitors should be on time.
Avoid making business appointments between noon and 3 p.m. when everything is closed.
Gratuities are often included in the check but it is appropriate to tip an additional 10 percent.
If you are invited to dinner, reciprocate by taking your hosts to a restaurant.
Avoid discussing politics and government. Family and positive aspects of Portugal are safe topics.

ROMANIA

Use first names only if you know your host well. Titles and surnames are used in more formal settings.
Prior appointments are necessary and you should be on time.
Visitors are usually invited out but home entertaining is rare.
If you are invited to a Romanian home, take flowers for the hostess (avoid red roses).
Business gifts could include pens or lighters imprinted with your company name.
Sports, travel, music, fashion and books are safe conversation topics.
Politics and negative aspects of Romania are not safe conversation topics.

RUSSIA

Russians shake hands and state their name when meeting someone for the first time. Friends often hug and kiss on the cheek.
Littering is considered offensive and is illegal.
Plan your trip well in advance. Arranging visas and travel details can take weeks.
Changing money with private citizens is a serious crime.
Be punctual for appointments.
Take flowers, liquor, artwork or a book if you?re invited to a Russian home.
If invited to a Russian home, remove your shoes once inside.

SPAIN

Men who are close friends often greet each other with a hug. Women embrace and give each other a kiss on each cheek when greeting or leaving.
Offices and stores are usually closed between 1:30 and 4:30 p.m. for the main meal.
Restaurants do not generally open until after 9:00 p.m. and dinner is frequently continued till 11 p.m. or so.
Take chocolates, cakes, pastries or flowers if you are invited to dinner (avoid dahlias and chrysanthemums).
Guests sometimes receive a gift, which should be opened immediately.
Punctuality is not important, with the exceptions of bullfights, which start on time.
Sports, travel and politics can be discussed in Spain.
Religion, family, jobs and political comparisons between the U.S. and Spain are not safe conversation topics.
Do not disparage bullfighting.

SWEDEN

You should know the basic cultural differences among Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland.
Punctuality is very important, especially if you?re invited to a Swedish home.
Flowers for the hostess are appropriate.
Toasting is formal and you should never toast your host or anyone senior to you in age or rank until they toast you. Don?t touch your drink until the host has said ?skoal.?
The proper skoal motion is to move the glass from your waist to your eyes, look the other person directly in the eyes and say ?skoal.? Drink, lift the glass toward your host and bring it back to the table.
Drunk driving laws are strict and penalties are severe. One member of your group should be named designated driver and should not drink.
Many topics are open to discussion with the exception of criticism of Swedish culture or politics.

SWITZERLAND

Respect the Swiss value of conservatism and do not be showy about wealth or possessions.
Appointments are critical and punctuality is a must.
July and August are usually reserved for vacations so avoid making business appointments during those months.
The best compliment dinner guests can give is a second helping of food.
Flowers or candy are good gifts (avoid red roses).

ASIA

The variety of cultures, languages, religions and customs in Asia create a rich tapestry. Cultural do?s and don?ts vary from nation to nation and within countries, but a few general guidelines apply:

Good manners are paramount.
You should not start talking business the moment you sit down. Spend some time on pleasantries.
Take your regular business cards but also get a supply of cards printed in the host country language and business people will need many business cards during their stay.
Make appointments and be on time. However, do not be offended if the person you are meeting is late.
Spend time learning about the country and the people you are visiting or doing business with.

CHINA

The Chinese are quite formal.
Tipping is traditionally considered insulting; however, that sentiment is changing.
Bow when meeting someone. Handshakes are acceptable.
Appointments are necessary. Punctuality is important.
Businessmen typically take a long time to reach decisions.
Foreigners are seldom entertained in a Chinese home. If you are invited, arrive a little early and plan to leave soon after the meal is finished. During the meal, be prepared with toasts expressing thanks and friendship.
Sample every dish. Hold the rice bowl close to your mouth.
Business is usually not discussed during meals.
Avoid giving gifts of great value.
It is not wise to mention Taiwan or to criticize Chinese leadership.
A safe topic of conversation is the advances China has made.

HONG KONG

Hong Kong residents are generally reserved and formal.
Blue and white are the Chinese colors for mourning.
Business cards are distributed frequently.
Handshakes are common when greeting and leaving.
Business cards are presented with both hands after the initial handshake.
If invited to a private home, take a gift of fruit, candy or cookies and present it to the hostess with both hands.
Gifts to avoid include scissors or knives (which symbolize severing a relationship) and clocks (which symbolize death).
The Chinese are impressed if you know some Cantonese or Mandarin, but be sure you have the pronunciation correct.
Safe conversation topics include health or business.

INDONESIA

Remove your shoes before entering a carpeted room and holy places, especially mosques.
Shake hands and nod your head when introduced.
Punctuality is important and prior appointments recommended.
Business affairs are drawn out and sometimes frustrating.
Respect for the individual is highly valued.
Eat with the right hand only and do not touch food with the left.
Flowers are an appropriate gift if you?re invited to dinner.
Gifts are not expected. Compliments and notes of appreciation are welcome.
If you are given a gift, accept it graciously. Refusal is considered impolite.

JAPAN

Remove your shoes before entering a Japanese home.
The usual form of greeting is a long, low bow, not a handshake.
Business cards are exchanged.
Do not address a Japanese person by their first name.
Punctuality is recommended for business and social engagements.
Lavish dinner parties in restaurants or nightclubs that last many hours are a common way to entertain.
If you visit a Japanese home, remove your hat and gloves once inside the entrance, then take off your shoes.
Take a box of cakes or candy to your hostess.
If you are offered a gift, thank the person and wait for one or two more offers before accepting it. Receive the gift with both hands.
The Japanese enjoy receiving gifts, which should be wrapped in pastel paper, no ribbons or bows. Gifts in twos, such as cufflinks or a pen and pencil set, are welcome since the number two is considered lucky.
The number four is the Japanese word for death, so avoid giving four of anything.
World War II is not a good conversation topic.

MALAYSIA

Handshakes are common between men. A slight bow would be more appropriate between men and Malaysian women.
English is widely spoken; Bahasa Malaysia is the national language.
Business cards are exchanged.
Appointments are advisable. Punctuality is advised but not emphasized.
Business dealings often involve lunch or dinner.
Never use your left hand to touch food at a Muslim dinner.
Muslims do not eat pork or drink alcoholic beverages.
Hindus and some Buddhists do not eat beef.
Traditionally, Malays and Indians eat with their hands. Chinese eat with chopsticks and a spoon.
Remove your shoes and sunglasses before entering a mosque or home.
Gift giving varies among the cultures, but all consider it impolite to present a gift with the left hand or open it immediately.
If you receive a gift, send a thank you note.
Do not litter.
Malays like to talk about family, sports and food.

THE PHILIPPIINES

English is the language used in government, business and education.
Men and women shake hands upon greeting. Men occasionally pat each other on the back.
Be on time.
Filipinos are extremely hospitable.
Flowers are a good hostess gift. It is customary to send a gift or thank you note the day after a dinner party or social gathering.
During dinner, eat hearty; it?s the best compliment you can give your host.
Conversation topics to avoid are politics, religion, local conditions, corruption and foreign aid. Instead, talk about families.

SINGAPORE

Greetings vary from ethnic group to ethnic group but handshakes are the most common.
Take off your shoes before entering a mosque. Shoes are sometimes removed before entering a home. Follow your host?s lead.
Littering is harshly punished.
Appointments and punctuality are expected.
Do not use your left hand when eating with a Malay or an Indian.
If you are invited to a Singaporean home, take a box of chocolates or flowers.
Do not talk religion and politics. Travel experiences, news of countries visited and comments on the economic advances of Singapore are all safe conversation topics.

SOUTH KOREA

Men greet by bowing slightly and shaking hands with both hands or with right hands. Women do not usually shake hands.
Appointments are necessary and Westerners are expected to arrive on time.
Remove your shoes before entering a Korean home or restaurant.
Business entertainment is limited to restaurants and bars. Wives are rarely included. All courses of a meal are served at one time.
If you are invited to a Korean home, take flowers or a small gift and offer it with both hands. Your gift will not be opened in front of you.
Blowing your nose in front of other people is considered bad manners.
Do not talk or laugh loudly. Many Koreans, especially women, cover their mouths when laughing.
Men go through doors before women.
Avoid discussing socialism, communism and internal politics.

TAIWAN

Handshakes are customary. A slight bow shows respect, but should not be overdone.
You may arrive at your appointment shortly before or after the scheduled meeting time.
Business meetings and decision-making can take a very long time.
Entertaining is usually done in restaurants.
Taiwanese meals are elaborate and can contain as many as 20 courses. Eat lightly during the early phase.
Toasts are common and kampai means ?bottoms up.?
Chopsticks and a ceramic spoon are the customary eating utensils.
A small gift such a fruit, candy or cookies is appropriate when visiting a Taiwanese home. Use both hands when presenting a gift to another person.
Thank you notes are a must.
Do not discuss mainland China or local politics.

THAILAND

Thais do not usually shake hands. The traditional greeting is palms together in a prayer position at the chest combined with a slight bow.
You may be addressed as ?Mr. Dave? or ?Miss Susan.?
Remove your shoes when entering a Thai home.
Do not step on doorsills where Thais believe a spirit resides.
Never touch a person?s head.
The head is considered the highest part of the body and at social gatherings you will see young people crouching to keep themselves lower than their elders. Try not to literally look down on your Thai associates.
Public displays of affection between men and women are not appropriate.
Thai businessmen do not reach decisions quickly.
Prior appointments are necessary and punctuality is a sign of courtesy.
If invited to a Thai home, you should express interest in their home and family.
Do not reap lavish praises on a Thai?s possession or he may feel compelled to give it to you.
Never point to anything with your foot. When sitting, never angle you foot so the sole is visible.
Modest gifts are acceptable and should be wrapped. Flowers are also appropriate.
Avoid discussing politics, the royal family and religion.

AUSTRALIA and THE PACIFIC
In general, Australia, New Zealand and the islands of the Pacific are welcoming, casual places. However, if you want to be respected as a visitor or a businessperson, do not let the warm weather and the palm trees lull you into thinking anything goes.

AUSTRALIA

Australians are direct, possibly more so than Americans.
Informality is common in the service sector. For instance, an Australian taxi driver expects a male passenger to ride in the front seat.
Do not litter.
Formal dress is seldom required.
Give a firm handshake and call people by name.
Make appointments for meetings and be on time.
Take flowers or a bottle of wine when you?re invited to lunch or dinner.

FIJI

Remove your shoes when entering a house.
A smile and raised eyebrows often constitute a greeting. Handshakes are also appropriate.
Time schedules are generally casual but you should be on time for meetings.
Gift giving is appreciated.
Drink at least a cup of kava if offered. Refusing to do so is considered very bad form.
Do not drop by a Fijian home without an invitation.
If you admire something a Fijian owns, he might feel compelled to give it to you.

NEW ZEALAND

Handshakes are common on meeting and leaving. Let a woman extend her hand first.
Tipping is not common.
Be prepared to be formal until your host or business associate indicates otherwise.
Make appointments and arrive a bit early.
Business meetings are usually at the host?s office. Visitors invite their New Zealand associates to lunch at a hotel or restaurant.
If you?re invited to dinner at a New Zealander?s home, take a modest gift of chocolates or wine.
Safe topics of conversation include national and international politics, the weather and sports. Know something about New Zealand culture and you?ll be appreciated.
Avoid discussing racial issues and do not make the mistake of thinking New Zealand is part of Australia.

SAMOA

Remove your shoes before entering a Samoan home.
Do not enter a home until mats have been placed on the floor. You will sit cross-legged on the mats.
It?s common to begin a business meeting with a speech.
You will probably be given eating utensils in a Samoan home, although eating with fingers is customary.
The kava ceremony is sacred. Before you drink from the kava cup, hold it in front of you and spill a few drops.
Guests will usually receive a gift and should be prepared to give one in return.
Avoid pointing your legs toward the center of the room.

TAHITI

Most people shake hands when they meet. Tahitians usually kiss each other on the cheeks when greeting.
If invited to a Tahitian home, you should express interest in their home and family.
Do not reap lavish praises on a Tahitian?s possession or he may feel compelled to give it to you.
Remove your shoes before entering a home.
Family customs dictate eating etiquette. Sometimes fingers are the utensils of choice.

TONGA

Handshaking and a spoken greeting are customary.
Tongans use first names unless they want to convey special respect, then the title and family name are used together.
Tongans prefer to eat with their hands but utensils will often be present.
Sit on the floor mats in a Tongan home.
Gifts are expected only from close friends. Flowers are not regarded as gifts.

MIDDLE EAST and NORTH AFRICA - In General
Cultural traditions and taboos vary within this region and we offer some general advice as well as specific hints for doing business or visiting each country.

Islamic religious custom demands that everything stop five times a day for prayers. You should patiently wait for your host to perform his prayers, but you are not obligated to participate.
Observe proper dress and decorum between the sexes.
Handshakes are customary outside the home. You may be welcomed with a kiss on both cheeks and you should reciprocate.
Take a quantity of business cards, preferably printed in English on one side and the local language on the other.
No work is conducted after noon during Ramadan (the ninth month of the Islamic calendar).
Punctuality is important but don?t be surprised if your host is late.
If you?re invited to an Arab home, you will probably not meet his wife (or wives). It is not polite to ask about her (them).
If you should meet an Arab woman, do not shake hands unless she takes the initiative. She probably won?t.
Pork and pigs are banned.
Alcoholic drinks are not permitted.
Good gifts include gold fountain pens, not ballpoints.
Religion and politics should be avoided. It?s also not a good idea to talk about your pet dog. It is safe to discuss the development of the country you are visiting.
Make sure you do not sit with the soles of your feet or shoes facing your host. And keep your feet off the desk, table or chair.

ALGERIA

It is common to shake hands on meeting and leaving. Both men and women commonly kiss on both cheeks when greeting.
Visitors are always addressed by their title and last name and professional titles are widely used.
Prior appointments are recommended, but punctuality is not highly regarded.

EGYPT

Elaborate, expressive greetings are the rule and you may be welcomed many times.
You should establish a feeling of friendship before transacting business.
Remove your shoes before entering a mosque.
Friday is the Muslim day of rest. The workweek is from Saturday through Thursday.
Dinner may not be served until 10:30 p.m.
When invited to dinner, take flowers or chocolates. Give and receive gifts with both hands or your right hand, never your left.
Alcoholic beverages are becoming more widely accepted but you should follow your host?s lead.
Don?t eat everything on your plate, it?s considered impolite.
Do not discuss Middle Eastern politics. Stick to Egyptian achievement, the civilization and art.

ISRAEL

Shalom is the greeting for both meeting and departing.
Titles are not considered important.
You might be called by your first name early in the relationship.
The Sabbath is strictly observed by Orthodox Jews from nightfall on Friday to nightfall on Saturday.
Prior appointments are necessary. Israelis are generally casual about time, but you should be punctual.
Books are excellent host/hostess gifts. Flowers are also appropriate.
Casual dress is common.
Avoid discussing religion, U.S. aid and politics.

LIBYA

Make appointments well in advance and be punctual. You might find Libyans are not punctual, but you should be.
The economy is almost wholly state-controlled.
Most entertaining is done outside private homes.
Alcohol is strictly forbidden.
If you are invited to a Libyan home for dinner, only men will be present. Take a gift for your host, not for his wife.
Avoid discussing politics and religion.

MOROCCO

Shaking hands is customary. Friends usually greet by kissing.
Prior appointments are advised. Punctuality is seldom necessary.
Remove your shoes before entering a mosque.
Offer to remove your shoes before entering a Moroccan home.
You may be invited to a Moroccan home for a lavish feast that lasts several hours. You will probably not meet your host?s wife.
Avoid lavishly complimenting a Moroccan on a possession. He might feel obligated to give it to you.

TURKEY

Remove your shoes before entering a mosque.
If you visit a private home in the country, remove your shoes before entering. This custom has been eliminated in the cities.
Make appointments and be on time.
Turks are hospitable, sincere and generous.
Entertaining is usually done in restaurants.
If you are invited to a home, take flowers, candy or pastries. Don?t take wine unless you know the family drinks alcoholic beverages.
Dress conservatively at all times.Non-controversial international affairs, family, professions and hobbies are good conversation topics.

BAHRAIN, KUWAIT, OMAN, the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (The GULF STATES)

In greeting, say salaam alaykum, then shake hands when saying kaif halak. Your host may then place his left hand on your right shoulder and kiss you on both cheeks.
Make prior appointments but don?t be surprised if you find several meetings taking place simultaneously.
If you are invited to an Arab home, eat heartily.
Be careful not to effusively admire any of your host?s possessions; he may insist on giving it to you.
Gifts are not expected. Artwork depicting women and liquor should be avoided.

IRAN

Shake hands and bow slightly when greeting.
Address your Iranian host by their last name or academic rank or title.
Appointments are made and you should be on time.
Punctuality is not that important in social engagements.
It is considered polite to decline an invitation a few times before accepting.
When you do attend a dinner, bring flowers, candy or a plant.
Guests are the center of attention and are expected to be good conversationalists.

IRAQ

Prior appointments are necessary, but your host may be late.
Alcoholic beverages are usually available.
Do not discuss religion or Middle Eastern politics.

JORDAN

Group-style business meetings are common and high-pressure sales tactics are not appreciated.
Prior appointments are necessary, but your host may be late.
If you are invited to dinner, refuse twice before accepting.
When dining with Jordanians, refuse seconds of any dish unless your host insists. Then accept with a slight attitude of reluctance.
Flowers or sweets are customary gifts.
Do not praise your host excessively because it will embarrass him.
Do not discuss Middle Eastern politics, religion, family or U.S. aid.

LEBANON

It is important to inquire about your host?s well being and his family.
Punctuality is not particularly important.
It is not appropriate to discuss business until after the meal.
Flowers or candy are good gifts. Avoid alcohol and cigarettes.
Safe conversational topics include Lebanese homes, food and achievements, business, children, education and travel. Do not talk about politics, religion and sex.

SAUDI ARABIA

Greetings are elaborate. First, say salaam alaykum; then shake hands while saying kaif halak. A Saudi may then extend his left hand to your right shoulder and kiss you on both cheeks.
If a woman is with your Saudi host, she will probably not be introduced.
Prior appointments are necessary and simultaneous business meetings are common.
Punctuality is necessary.
When invited to a Saudi home, eat enthusiastically.
If a businessman?s wife is included in the invitation, she will probably eat with the women, not the men.
Be careful praising an Arab?s possessions. He might give them to you and will be offended if you refuse.
Gifts are appreciated but not expected. Avoid liquor and items prohibited by Islam such as art with depictions of women.
If an Arab businessman takes your hand, do not pull away sharply. This is a gesture of friendship.
Avoid discussing Middle Eastern politics and international oil policies.

SYRIA

A warm embrace is the common Syrian greeting along with questions about your health. Women usually exchange a kiss on either cheek.
Prior appointments are necessary but your host might be late.
Business meetings frequently consist of several friends and unrelated businessmen.
Talk of Middle Eastern and international oil policies should be avoided.

BANGLADESH

It is customary for men to shake hands upon introduction. Wait for a woman to extend her hand first.
Be on time. Punctuality is valued.
Bangladeshis often entertain in a hotel or a club and it customary for wives to accompany their husbands to such functions.

INDIA

Remove your shoes before entering an Indian home.
Men shake hands with each other when meeting or leaving. When men are introduced to women, they do not shake hands but place palms together and bow slightly.
Men should avoid touching a woman and should not talk to a lone woman in public.
Orthodox Sikhs wear a turban and do not smoke, eat beef or cut their hair.
Punctuality is important.
Orthodox Muslim women may be invited to attend a social function in the company of their husband.
When you arrive at an Indian home, you will be adorned with a flower garland. You should remove it immediately as a sign of humility.
Hindus do not eat beef; the cow is a sacred animal.
Muslims do not eat pork and strict Muslims do not drink alcohol.
Always use your right hand to accept or pass food.
Fruit and candy are appropriate gifts if you?re invited to an Indian home. Presents for your hosts? children are much appreciated.
Safe conversation topics are Indian traditions and cultural achievements, other people and foreign countries.
Unsafe conversation topics are personal affairs, India?s poverty, military expenditures and foreign aid.
Tilting the head from side to side is the Indian equivalent of a nod.

PAKISTAN

Handshakes are common and close friends may embrace. Men and women do not shake hands and men do not touch women in public.
Use the last name and title when addressing a Pakistani.
You will be expected to arrive on time.
Most businesses are closed on Fridays.
Men may be invited to dinner without their wives. Even when the wife is invited, men will often come alone.
Many traditional foods are eaten by hand, but don?t use your left hand.
Pakistanis do not eat pork but they do eat beef, lamb and poultry.
Alcohol is frowned upon.
Do not discuss business at dinner.
Politics is not a good conversation topic.

SRI LANKA

English greetings are appropriate.
It is considered respectful to address people by title.
Prior appointments and punctuality are necessary.
Different castes observe various restrictions concerning food.
Tea is the national drink and visitors are often served it at the beginning of a meeting.

COTE D?IVOIRE (IVORY COAST)

Handshaking is customary.
French is the official language but English is spoken in major hotels, restaurants and administrative offices.
Most hotels and restaurants add a service charge and tipping beyond that is not compulsory.
Make appointments well in advance and be punctual. You might, however, be kept waiting a few minutes.
Present your business card during introductions.
Gift giving is not necessary but a product from your country would be welcome.

GHANA

There are considerable social and cultural differences among Ghana?s ethnic groups.
Shaking hands is customary on greeting and leaving.
Make appointments well in advance and be on time. However, Ghanaians may be late or not show up at all.
Avoid gesturing with your left hand.

KENYA

English is the most common language. Swahili is second and you say jambo for hello.

MOZAMBIQUE

First names are rarely used. Professional titles are appropriate.

NIGERIA

A variety of ethnic people live in Nigeria and their customs and habits vary.
Prior appointments are important, especially with government officials.
Nigerians are generally not particularly punctual but they understand and generally practice Western punctuality.
Travel within Nigeria is difficult so allow plenty of time to reach your destination.
Avoid discussing religion. Good topics of conversation include Nigeria?s industrial achievements, future development plans, African politics and other African countries.

SENEGAL

Handshaking is customary.
Make appointments, be on time, but do not be surprised if you host is late.
Never eat food with your left hand.
Avoid discussing religion, politics and government leaders. It is safe to talk about Senegal?s culture and the country?s achievements.

SOUTH AFRICA

Most South Africans speak English and Afrikaans (of Dutch origin).
Follow your host?s lead regarding social rules.
Prior appointments are necessary and you must be on time.
If you enter a discussion on South African politics, you will find residents divided on the subject.

TANZANIA

Shake hands and say jambo when being introduced.
Hosts and visitors often exchange gifts at departure time. Do not give flowers.
Good conversational topics include national parks, African culture and international politics.
Avoid discussing the current political climate.

UGANDA

Handshakes are common.
Prior appointments are necessary and punctuality is advisable.
If you are invited to a private residence, take a gift for the host or hostess. Wives are generally included in social invitations.
National and world affairs and the arts are good conversation topics.

ZAMBIA

It is common to shake hands with the left hand supporting the right.
Use courtesy or professional titles.
Avoid direct eye contact with members of the opposite sex.
Make prior appointments but don?t be surprised if the meeting doesn?t happen.
At dinner, you should ask for food because it is considered impolite for the host of offer food first. Do not refuse food.
Government officials should not receive gifts from visitors.
It?s safe to discuss international politics. Do not discuss anything negative about Zambia.

yemek tarifleri